The new solar rebates are complex, but still generous.

In early June, the Federal Government pulled the plug on its astonishingly popular $8,000 rebate for household solar photovoltaic panels. The replacement scheme, Solar Credits, was finally passed through parliament in mid-August.

So what are the changes? The $100,000 means test has been scrapped. Solar Credits is open to all comers, including businesses and community groups, and also applies to holiday houses and investment properties.

The scheme offers cash back to consumers by way of extra or ‘phantom’ Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), which householders can exchange for a discount with the solar-panel retailers (who then trade them on the REC market).

Until 2012, solar systems up to 1.5 kilowatts will qualify for five times more RECs than normal (the multiplier diminishes progressively until 2015). The value of RECs fluctuates, but at a high $50 price, a Melbourne household could receive up to $6650.

With this discount, Adrian Ferraretto, Managing Director of Solar Shop Australia, expects that a good quality, 1.5-kilowatt system will cost about $8000, supplied and installed.

Panel-owners will also benefit from the Victorian government’s ‘feed-in’ tariff for systems up to 5 kilowatts, to begin before the end of the year. Power retailers will credit panel-owners 60 cents per kilowatt-hour for any surplus energy they feed into the grid.

Mr Ferraretto estimates that with these incentives, a system will pay itself back within five to ten years. “Solar Credits is still a generous rebate by global standards, especially when combined with the generous feed-in tariffs. And panels have halved in price (from the manufacturers) over the last 12 months. When you take all of that into account, today is a great time to buy.”

Community organisation Ballarat Renewable Energy And Zero Emissions (BREAZE) isn’t so sanguine about the fine print of the federal and state measures. Under its bulk-buying program, the group has arranged the installation of around 350 solar systems in the last 18 months.

Executive officer Lisa Kendal says there’s now a moral catch for solar PV buyers who want to get their discount. Bizarrely, although the ‘phantom’ RECs don’t represent actual electricity production, they will be counted towards the Federal Government’s 20 per cent renewable energy target.

“The more people who access the scheme for micro generation units, the more it will take away from our actual total renewable energy generation,” she says.

BREAZE was similarly disappointed by the detail of the State Government’s feed-in tariff: firstly, because it counts net output (electricity surplus to use), rather than gross output (all electricity produced); and secondly, because it’s a credit system. “The energy retailer is required to clock up your credits, but if you don’t use them after 12 months, they expire,” Ms Kendal says. “It’s not a real financial incentive. There’s no cash payout.”

Even still, BREAZE remains committed to promoting solar panels for householders. “We need to support the uptake of as much renewable energy as quickly as possible,” Ms Kendal says. “There are so many benefits in putting a system on your roof.”

Plants can flourish where once there was no soil.

Nicholas Faiz’s high-rise garden is about to shoot. Last year, he moved into a city apartment with a large, hot, north-facing balcony. “I’m on the top story of a building and there’s bare concrete and glass towers all around me,” he says.

But now he’s got greenery for company too, including jacaranda, lemon, mulberry, avocado and feijoa trees, as well as herbs, strawberries, roses, geraniums and a passionfruit vine.

“I’m really looking forward to spring and summer because they’ll get lots of growth,” Mr Faiz says. “The garden really makes a big difference. I’ve installed four seats out there and it’s quite pleasant now.”

Balcony garden designer Cecilia Macaulay says that small spaces and lack of existing soil shouldn’t deter apartment or terrace-house green thumbs. “I think balcony gardens are more desirable than normal gardens because everything is a metre away from your gaze,” she says. “You see changes everyday.”

Start your new garden by deciding where to put seating. “I think a table and chairs are essential, so you spend time there. It’s an ecosystem and humans are vital,” Ms Macaulay says.

Next, choose the largest pots you can – they’ll better store moisture and nutrients. Plan for a constant supply of water, such as a small pond or a bucket you always refill. “If there’s no ready-to-go water on the balcony, the plants are doomed,” she says. “It’s just a matter of time.”

Sunnier north- and west-facing balconies will produce more food, but the plants will be thirstier. To check whether they need a drink, use wooden chopsticks. “Keep a stash on hand,” Ms Macaulay says. “Stick them in and see if the soil is crumbling off, or it’s moist and clingy. It should be nice and moist like a cake.”

She also recommends Wetpots, a super-efficient watering system in which porous pots are buried in the soil and gravity fed from a small water tank.

Container gardening can be tricky. “Strong plants can fight off many pests, but they need the right nutrients and enough water to do so. In nature, they can put down deeper roots, but on a balcony, they depend on what you supply them,” Ms Macaulay says.

“My favourite for balconies are fig trees, because they’re beautiful and pests aren’t interested in their tough leaves. Persimmon trees are really good too.”

She warns that tomatoes can take some trial and error, especially if it’s windy. It’s easiest to begin your plot with herbs and leafy greens. “Rocket is irrepressible. Plant seeds every few weeks so you’ve always got a new batch coming up.”

Don’t forget to put a worm farm in a shady corner. The worms will recycle your food scraps into fertiliser. They’ll help to make your garden more self-sufficient and boost your harvest. And all that equals happiness: a thriving balcony garden is guaranteed to bring you joy.

“The excitement that you feel when your pot plant gives you a bean – it’s beautiful,” Ms Macaulay says.

With generous rebates available, it’s time to tap into efficient hot water.

“To save money on your bills, solar hot water is the best investment you can make – after you’ve done simple things like changing light bulbs,” says Nick Brass from renewable energy supplier Energy Matters. “You can save 75 per cent of the energy you need to heat your water.”

According to Mr Brass, households that now have electric water heaters stand to gain the most. Replacing a system that runs on peak-rate electricity can mean savings of up to $1000 per year. “If you’ve got an electric hot water unit you should go solar right now, without even considering it for a second longer,” he says.

Efficient hot water units cost more up front, but will cut your carbon footprint and save you money in the long term. To encourage you to switch, there’s a generous (but highly complex) set of state and federal rebates on offer.

The Federal Government will stump up $1600 for householders who replace electric systems. If you’re not eligible for the national scheme, the Victorian Government will pay up to $1500 in metropolitan Melbourne and $2350 in the regions – the most efficient units attract the highest rebates. Including extra dollars for Renewable Energy Certificates and Victorian Energy Efficiency Certificates, the total cash-back can be well over $3000. For more detailed guidelines, visit the Sustainability Victoria website.

Three kinds of hot water systems are eligible for the rebates. Flat-plate solar collectors have water pipes set inside a clear-fronted, airtight box, with a storage tank perched above. Evacuated tube systems use a row of glass tubes, each with a water pipe inside (in a vacuum), and no rooftop tank. Electric heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse, using warmth in the air to heat water. They’re not solar powered, but they’re highly efficient.

Which one is right for you?

Prices vary with rebates and installation costs, but Energy Matters estimates that the grand total will range from $2000 to $3500 installed, depending on the system. Heat pumps are cheapest upfront, followed by flat-plate, then evacuated tube. For ongoing costs, the systems rank in the reverse order.

“We recommend that if you’ve got a roof with solar access, you should use solar,” Mr Brass says. “If you don’t, then you should use a heat pump.”

Of the two solar systems, Mr Brass promotes evacuated tube. “The technology is very good. It’s easy to install, inherently frost-protected, and requires very little maintenance,” he says. “It’s more efficient. Because the tubes are curved, they passively track the sun all day. Flat-plate systems generate the greatest heat in the middle of the day.”

You’ll also need to back up your solar heaters for the times when sunlight isn’t enough. “Instantaneous gas is best,” Mr Brass says. “The only time the water gets boosted is when it passes into the home, so there’s no waste.”

With a low eco-footprint and high fire resistance, earth building is an old medium with modern appeal. 

Homes made from unfired earth – methods such as adobe, cob, pressed brick and rammed earth – now house up to half the world’s people, according to the Earth Building Association of Australia. And Victoria isn’t out in the cold: we have a long-standing tradition of earth building, especially in Melbourne’s north-eastern suburbs.

The association’s annual conference is being held in Eltham from Friday 14 to Sunday 16 August. It will focus on themes of sustainability, energy efficiency and bushfire resistance, and include tours of existing homes.

“Very few building techniques can match earth for low embodied energy,” says vice president Ray Trappel, an architect from NSW. It’s even possible for mudbrick walls to have negative embodied energy – to save energy overall – he says, if they’re made from intercepted excavation waste (which avoids trucking the material to landfill).

The potential for extra fire resistance is another benefit. A 250-millimetre thick mudbrick wall can achieve a high, four-hour fire rating. “A lot of people are considering using earth in their rebuilding (after the January bushfires),” Mr Trappel says.

If you build yourself, earth walls can also save you money. “It’s quite realistic to save up to $50,000 by not buying your bricks and not getting a bricklayer to lay them,” he says. He acknowledges that it will take hard work, but says there are many courses and resources available to guide your toil. “The association helps people share knowledge on all sorts of issues, like the most efficient ways to make bricks and the connecting and finishing details.”

But this kind of building is not just for the DIY set. There’s also an established professional industry. “A mudbrick house can be built cheaply using prefabricated technologies, or it can be a hand-crafted, top-end product,” says Greg Slingsby, a Melbourne builder and president of the Nillumbik Mudbrick Association. “Contemporary building styles have changed the image of mudbrick housing.

“We attract people who want to spend money on a craftsman-built, quality home. We’ve got a huge portfolio of modern houses that are architecturally exciting, with every state-of-the-art convenience,” Mr Slingsby says.

Earthen dwellings have a lot of thermal mass – the heavy walls absorb and store heat, which helps to curb the extremes of summer and winter – but they don’t record high insulation ratings. When the five-star regulations were introduced in Victoria, the earth building industry questioned the rules for failing to fully consider the benefits of thermal mass in external walls.

Mr Slingsby says that while the rating program has improved, it still doesn’t reflect the high comfort levels and low energy needs of residents living in mudbrick homes.

“Earth building, to my mind, is the most eco-friendly building medium there is,” he says. “The internal environment is healthy, low in humidity and comfortable all year round. These homes embody the very notion of green building.”

There are smart and inexpensive tricks to trapping heat indoors.

When the weather’s cold, ten times more heat escapes through standard windows than through insulated walls. That means your mid-year heating bill is vanishing through the glass.

But there are quick and simple fixes to help block the cold, says Amber Chamberlain from environmental consultancy Ecovantage. “Just covering up your windows in winter helps stop heat loss.”

When it’s cold outside, warm air turns into a chilly draught as it draws near exposed glass. To cut the heat flow, you need to trap a layer of still air next to the window pane.

“Curtains and blinds need to fit snugly and to be heavy – the heavier the better,” she says. “A good rule of thumb is that the more light coming through, the more heat that’s also being transferred.” Go for curtains that stretch below and beyond the sides of the frame, touching the wall or floor, and install pelmets (seals above the curtain or blind) to stop air at the top. You can fashion temporary pelmets from anything that fits – try cardboard or a thick scarf.

If heavy drapes aren’t to your taste, Ms Chamberlain suggests honeycomb or cellular blinds as a good alternative. “They trap a small amount of air within the blind itself, which acts as an insulating layer, and they still allow light into the home.” It’s wise to avoid gappy vertical and Venetian blinds.

Kirsten Johnstone, from Eco Edge Architecture + Interior Design, maintains that with careful thought, window coverings can be attractive as well as functional. If you’re building your home, she recommends designing window frames to fit recessed blinds. “You can create a channel that holds the sides of the blind within the frame,” Ms Johnstone says. “I think that’s a good solution, rather than the voluminous curtains that remind me of my Grandma’s house.”

She also says that, for homebuilders and retrofitters alike, pelmets need not be eyesores. “A minimal approach would be a small, painted box above the window or within a frame recess, painted out so it matches the wall. Try not to attract attention to it.”

Another way to improve your windows’ performance is by retrofitting double-glazing. Ecovantage suggests that DIYers try Clear Comfort, a membrane taped to the frame and made taut by shrinking with a hairdryer. “It’s virtually invisible and traps a layer of air in between the film and window, á la double-glazing,” Ms Chamberlain says. A 10-metre kit costs only $180.

For the less handy, companies such as Magnetite and MagicSeal sell secondary acrylic panes that attach to your window frame using magnets. “This solution is much more permanent and durable than DIY film. It’s more expensive, but still a fraction of [the cost of] double-glazing,” says Ms Chamberlain. The cheapest option of all is recycled bubble wrap, stuck on with the smooth side facing the room. “The little bubbles are perfect mini double-glazing cells, so why not use it on your windows?”

See related article: Windows

Both owners and tenants can benefit from retrofitting their houses.

“If a landlord and a renter were in a conversation,” says Jessica Steinborner, from Moreland Energy Foundation. “I think they’d agree that we should do something about sustainability, and that our homes are a good place to start. But how do we actually get the changes to happen?”

It’s tricky to even begin that discussion: communication between landlords and tenants is often fraught and property managers don’t always help.

As a part of its Energy Efficient Homes Package, however, the Federal Government has given all parties a reason to get talking. Owners are now eligible for up to $1000 to install insulation and $1600 to replace electric hot water heaters with solar units.

Landlords can also get rebates on rainwater tanks and grey water setups, and claim tax deductions on eco-maintenance around their properties. What’s more, from May 2011, they’ll be required to reveal the dwelling’s energy performance at the point of lease.

These steps help reduce the so-called split incentives, whereby property-owners pay for big-ticket items, but tenants get the lower bills. Ms Steinborner argues that, in any case, owners do benefit from their investment. “It improves their property – not just the resale value, but also the ability to get long-term tenants. Renters understand that it will be a far cheaper and more comfortable house to live in.”

Moreland Energy Foundation organises free workshops for local renters who want to green their homes. The good news, Ms Steinborner says, is that people can slash their eco-footprints without altering their houses. “About 30 per cent of household energy use is related to behaviour; things like closing the curtains when the sun goes down, using external blinds in summer, shortening showers, washing clothes in cold water, setting thermostats correctly and turning lights off.”

Renters can also install compact-fluorescent light globes and choose efficient appliances without bothering the owner. But before they make other changes – including switching showerheads – they should get approval. “There are small things that often people won’t do because they’re worried about their tenure, and nervous about contacting their landlord,” Ms Steinborner says.

With energy and water prices rising, low-income renters are likely to be the first to suffer. Last year, a group of Melbournians started Just Change, an organisation dedicated to addressing these equity concerns. “We put up to $1800 worth of energy efficiency retrofitting into a house,” says Dougal McInnes, “and ask for up to a one-year rental freeze (in exchange).”

He says it’s been difficult to find homes where all parties are willing to be involved. “We’ve found that real estate agents are the key, both to gaining consent from the landlord and access to the tenants.” There’s a lesson for aspiring eco-friendly tenants and owners: get your property manager onside first.

For oodles more tips and information, browse Environment Victoria’s excellent Victorian Green Renters’ Guide. Also, check out Green Renters, a blog for environmentally conscious tenants.

Buying renewable energy is the fastest way to cut your eco-impact, but make sure you do your homework.

Half of an average household’s carbon dioxide emissions can come from electricity. That means you can slice your home’s carbon footprint in two simply by switching to 100 per cent GreenPower.

GreenPower is an accreditation program for renewable energy – electricity sourced from the sun, wind, water and waste. When you choose GreenPower, your retailer must buy enough new renewable energy into the grid to replace your old fossil fuel power use. Products that come with the scheme’s tick have been audited to make sure you’re getting what you pay for.

But which product is best? To help consumers cut through the spin, Total Environment Centre started Green Electricity Watch in 2002. The survey – also supported by Australian Conservation Foundation and WWF-Australia – assesses the eco-credentials of the companies and their products.

“All the retailers participate and they compete very fiercely to get a good ranking,” says Jane Castle, senior campaigner at Total Environment Centre. In the last survey, held in 2007, Origin Energy’s 100 per cent wind and solar products scored the most points (the full results are online).

If you’re thinking of making the switch, Ms Castle warns against swift deals offered by door-to-door salespeople, because they can lock you into contracts with only a low percentage of accredited GreenPower. “To actually make a difference, people should buy as high a percentage of GreenPower as they can afford.”

Generally, the higher the renewable energy content, the higher the price – but shop around because rates vary considerably among retailers. “When I switched to 100 per cent GreenPower I was nervous about getting a big bill,” says Ms Castle, “so I turned things off standby and put in compact fluorescent globes and my bill virtually didn’t change. This is not going to kill you at the bank. It might be worth one coffee a week or it might have no impact if you become really energy efficient.”

There’s one important catch to the GreenPower scheme. Although your personal footprint will come down if you buy accredited renewable energy, Australia’s overall emissions won’t.

Since the federal government signed onto the Kyoto Protocol (the global treaty limiting greenhouse gas emissions), any voluntary reductions made by individuals or businesses don’t get added on top of the pre-existing national target. Any cuts you make mean someone else will be permitted to pollute more. The proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme will work in a similar way.

“It means that the big polluters will have fewer restrictions put on them,” Ms Castle says. “We’re trying to get the government to recognise consumer action as additional, by retiring a Kyoto permit for every tonne of CO₂ reduced through GreenPower.”

Despite those concerns, Green Electricity Watch still recommends that people buy accredited renewable power, because it supports the industry and helps prepare for a low-emissions future. “We say, yes buy GreenPower, but also join our effort to lobby the government to change their position,” Ms Castle says.

Certified products have got the wood on the competition.

We use timber throughout our homes – for furniture, framing, flooring, decking, veneers, joinery, windows and doors. Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide as they grow, so timber can be a highly sustainable building material.

But according to David Baggs, technical director at Ecospecifier (a database of verified, eco-preferred products), unless you pay close attention, it’s likely your timber purchases are doing far more harm than good.

“Don’t buy timber unless it’s certified,” Mr Baggs says. “If it’s not, the odds are very, very high that you’re buying illegally harvested rainforest. This is particularly the case for furniture, especially if it’s made in Asia.”

There are dozens of certification schemes worldwide, but all are not equal. Mr Baggs recommends Forest Stewardship Council approval, as well as Greenpeace ecotimber. Recycled timber is also a good option, so long as it’s the genuine article.

Second-best options are the Australian Forestry Standard (AFS) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC), says Mr Baggs. “At the forest level they have a self-assessment (rather than third party) process.”

“With any of the schemes, it’s important to have chain of custody certification,” he continues. “That means the trail can be audited from the shop right back to the forest and you can make sure you’re getting what you pay for.”

Certified products can be more expensive, but not always. “It’s all about knowing where to find these products and that’s where Ecospecifier comes in.”

Eco-makeovers just became much more affordable.

The Federal Government’s newest household retrofitting scheme – the Green Loans Program – began on July 1. “It’s about trying to help people live more sustainably and also save a lot of money,” says home energy assessor Keith Loveridge. “To be quite honest, I think it’s fabulous.”

The scheme has two parts. In the first, 360,000 households will receive free home sustainability assessments. You can sign up through the government’s website or directly with authorised assessor. Applicants must earn less than $250,000 to qualify.

Then, an eco-assessor will spend about an hour and a half locating the water and energy savings that can be made around your home. You’ll receive a report detailing their findings.

“Typically, heating and cooling consumes about 40 per cent of the home’s energy; appliances, about 30 per cent; and water heating, about 23 per cent,” Mr Loveridge says. “We’re identifying which changes will have the biggest impact. For instance, if you’ve got an old washing machine that chugs away six hours a day, that’ll be one of the biggest energy users in your house.”

Once you home has been assessed, you’ll be eligible – though not obliged – to take up the scheme’s second measure: a four-year interest free loan for up to $10,000 to help pay for the measures recommended in the report. There will be funding to cover about 75,000 cheap loans and they’ll be available through participating financial institutions.

“I’ve been around the environment game for a long time and I think this is one of the best things that the government has put out,” Mr Loveridge says. Depending on your circumstances, “you can almost pay for that loan just by the savings you make.”

The Green Loans scheme is slated to finish in mid-2012, or whenever the money runs out. Given the early demise of the subsidy on solar photovoltaics, the best bet is to get in early.

www.environment.gov.au/greenloans, www.ecoassessment.com.au

Quirks between councils can make the weekly collection confusing.

“There’s no uniformity in the types of packaging collected for recycling across metropolitan Melbourne,” says Maree Pollard, the coordinator of Banyule City Council’s Rethink Centre. “And that leads to confusion.” She runs waste-wise education programs at the Visy Heidelberg Material Recovery Facility.

Ms Pollard says that although catch-all websites like Planet Ark’s Recycling Near You can be helpful, “if you have any questions about kerbside recycling, the first port of call should be your local council.”

There are, however, some rules of thumb. Nearly all types of paper and cardboard can be recycled, including milk and juice containers and envelopes with plastic windows. Paper bound with staples or clips is fine too. The only exception is waxed cardboard such as greengrocers’ boxes.

Glass is not so forgiving: you can only recycle bottles and jars. “No oven-proof, drinking or window glass, and absolutely no ceramics,” says Ms Pollard. As for plastic packaging, put in rigid containers bearing the recycling symbol, but beware, because rules differ among municipalities. “It can vary from only symbols 1 to 3, all the way to from 1 to 7.”

Ms Pollard’s other tips include : roll aluminium foil into a good-sized ball; don’t bother removing labels from steel cans; and ask your council if they want container lids on or off.

And finally: to rinse or not to rinse? In Banyule, Ms Pollard would prefer residents do: “It keeps the conveyors from clogging and discourages vermin.”